\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Summary statistics for soil and land characteristics.}\label{soil_sumstat}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrr}
\toprule
\toprule
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Mean} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{S.d.} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Min.} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Max.} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Obs.} \\
\addlinespace
\midrule
\multicolumn{6}{l}{\textit{Panel A. Soil characteristics}} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
Ruggedness (100m) & 0.90 & 1.04 & 0.07 & 6.9 & 356 \\
Share sandy soil        & 0.12 & 0.18 & 0 & 1 & 356 \\
\addlinespace
\midrule
\multicolumn{6}{l}{\textit{Panel B. Land structure}} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
Farm size (arable ha / landowner)        & 7.87 & 5.67 & 1.39 & 47.03 & 356 \\
Farm size (cultivated ha / landowner)    & 5.30 & 3.54 & 0.91 & 30.44 & 356 \\
\addlinespace
\midrule
\multicolumn{6}{l}{\textit{Panel C. Other characteristics}} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
Coast (indicator) & 0.17 & 0.38 & 0 & 1 & 356 \\
River (indicator) & 0.23 & 0.42 & 0 & 1 & 356 \\
Mountain (indicator) & 0.05 & 0.23 & 0 & 1 & 356\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}[flushleft]
\setlength\labelsep{0pt}
\item \footnotesize{\textit{Notes:} This table provides soil and land characteristics in the geography of 1852 arrondissements. Farm sizes are in hectares per farm. Terrain ruggedness data are based on \citeN{nunn2012}, soil texture data, on \citeN{INRA2018}, land structure data, on the agricultural census of 1852 published by the Ministry of agriculture \citeyear{ministere1858,ministere1860}, and river data, on \citeN{SANDRE2017}. The sample excludes the arrondissements of Paris and Sceaux, for which information on soil texture and farm size is missing. See the main text for variables definitions.}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}